First-Person Pronouns - Definition and Examples

Historical Implication of Hydropower Essay - 1661 Words

Hydropower has many applications are a clean and cheap way to efficiently bring power to devel- oping countries. The use of small hydro, specifically both micro and pico hydro, can power a small village or group of houses with little to no environmental impact. Systems have been successfully implemented in both Brazil and other developing countries. The social and geographic character- istics of this region make it a perfect place to implement policy regarding the integration of small hydro into the rural setting. The first segment of this report will seek to outline the historical implications of small hydro power, define relevant terms and theory, while also giving a geographic and cultural outline of Brazil in a historical context. The†¦show more content†¦Small Hydropower Projects Hydropower in Brazil 2 While CRELUZ does generate a profit every year, members of the co-op decide how this revenue is spent. Most of the money is reinvested in new projects or main- tenance for existing ones. This reinvestment has a direct positive impact on the community members it serves and is a plausible model for future endeavors in providing ac- cessible, cheap hydroelectricity. All of these projects are designed to have low environ- mental impacts and be sustainable and easy to maintain. Since they are mini-hydro projects, large head heights (and thus large dams) are not required [9]. Most of these 6 turbine projects favor weirs over dams which cause much less damage to both the river and the surround- ing wildlife and fish population. An example of one of these small, low impact dams can be seen in FIG. 1. The design of these system also includes many failsafes to help aid in environmental protection. Like many small hydro plants, CRELUZ’s projects include fish passes and flood controls [6]. FIG. 1: Dam and bridge at Usina Granja Velha built by CRELUZ. [6] Again, much like other small hydro projects, there is a rack at the inlet of the penstock to prevent debris from entering. However, these projects are somewhat unique in their approach to disposing of this waste. All biowaste is used to make compost, while all plastic bottles and de- bris are recycled [6]. Additionally, theShow MoreRelatedGlobalization and Energy System in Indonesia Essay2361 Words   |  10 Pagesinterconnectedness when advanced nations experienced a ruthless development by exploiting energy resources and stressing culture forms in developing countries. To identify the definition of ‘globalization’, it is significant to clarify its appearance as well as implication. An outstanding mechanism frequently used to interpret ‘Globalization’ is the ‘World Economy’. Back to the colonial age, the coinstantaneous behaviors of worldwide capitals and energy resources flowed from colonies to western countries has beenRead MoreClimate Change Of Sub Saharan Africa Essay2335 Words   |  10 Pagesemployed a framework of integrated modeling that translates outcomes of general circulation models to atmospheric changes that are, in turn, projected into biophysical outcomes with the aid of hydrological, crop, hydropower, and infrastructure models. The sector simulations compare a historical baseline with four different climate-change scenarios to estimate economy-wide impacts in terms of damage costs and national welfare losses with a dynamic CGE model. The study identifies adaptation measures, suchRead MoreWater Management9620 Words   |  39 Pagesmanagement in its entirety. All aspects related to the requirement of water for our energ y as well as agriculture needs have been covered in detail. The very important issue related to the construction of new water reservoirs and its political implications has also been covered in fair detail. TABLE OF CONTENTS |Ser |Contents |Page | |1. |Theme Read MoreGross National Happiness By Herbert Spencer2163 Words   |  9 Pagesinternet and other forms of media communication. There are several different news papers and magazine publications that now operate within the country.The development of tourism, has now become the second revenue contributor sector of Bhutan after hydropower (18). Although the acceptance of technology and the liberalization of media and communication does signify much change and development towards modernization, these achievements can be tagged under destined advancements which would have occurredRead MoreValuation of Integrated Oil Gas Companies Msc Thesis33042 Words   |  133 PagesThe paper then goes further by providing a historical twenty year back test of the global Integrated Oil Gas stock portfolio based on publicly available company financial factors, and provides a stock selection model for the custom universe in the long/short, market neu tral setting. Lastly, a strategic perspective for key stakeholders is provided based on the findings from the comparison of valuation methodologies, highlighting their strategic implications for the practicing investors, corporate leadershipRead MoreGroup 4 Final Simulation Report13740 Words   |  55 Pages........................... 25 3.3 Implications of Fundamental Analysis ............................................................................................. 26 3.4 Implications of technical analysis ..................................................................................................... 26 3.5 Implications of Efficient Market Hypothesis .................................................................................... 27 3.6 Implications of Efficient Portfolio ...........Read MoreWater as a Source of Future Conflict in Sa26984 Words   |  108 Pagesdeficit of; useable water for the existing and future needs, deterioration of water resources, management inefficiencies and development concerns. The infrastructure development and the efforts given, is considered inevitable in the region for the hydropower generation. 3. Although water has been considered as an indispensable means of economic development and social welfare, greater need of water resources are the main issues of contention. With the increase in uses of water resources, inter and intraRead MoreWater Consumption Behavior Of Santa Clara County Households3073 Words   |  13 Pagesof California has been undergoing continuous severe droughts, with 2013 being California’s driest year ever (USGS, 2014). On August 1, 2014, Santa Clara local reservoirs contained only 69% of the historical 20-year average water levels. The drought presents short-term issues such as decreases in hydropower production, adverse impact on recreational activities, and the destruction of habitat for aquatic species. If groundwater is used to compensate low streamflows, there will be a decrease in waterRead MoreInstitutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run14323 Words   |  58 Pagesbroad-based property rights enforcement, when they create effective cons traints on power-holders, and when there are relatively few rents to be captured by power-holders. We illustrate the assumptions, the workings and the implications of this framework using a number of historical examples. Keywords institutions, growth, development, political power, rents, conflict, property rights, efficiency, distributions JEL classification:D7, H 1, 010,040 D.Acemoglu et aL 1. Introduction 1.1. TheRead MorePhilippines Underdevelopment5539 Words   |  23 PagesINTRODUCTION For more than years, Philippine is saddled with huge challenges on how to find a concrete strategy to cope up economic depression, mainly the main reason that analysts could see is the drastic population density that leads to various implications like poverty (the main symptoms of having overpopulation and every country’s problem that almost all cannot resolved), poor governance that results rampant corruption from public officials, colonial mentality also blocks progression (results from

Fractures of the Distal Tibia Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis Free Essays

Injury, Int. J. Care Injured (2004) 35, 615—620 Fractures of the distal tibia: minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis D. We will write a custom essay sample on Fractures of the Distal Tibia: Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis or any similar topic only for you Order Now J. Redfern*, S. U. Syed, S. J. M. Davies Department of Orthopaedics, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey, UK Accepted 9 September 2003 KEYWORDS Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis; Plate ? xation; Fracture; Tibia; Metaphysis Summary Unstable fractures of the distal tibia that are not suitable for intramedullary nailing are commonly treated by open reduction and internal ? ation and/or external ? xation, or treated non-operatively. Treatment of these injuries using minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) techniques may minimise soft tissue injury and damage to the vascular integrity of the fracture fragments. We report the results of 20 patients treated by MIPO for closed fractures of the distal tibia. Their mean age was 38. 3 years (range: 17—71 years). Fractures were classi? ed according to the AO system, and intra-articular extensions according to Ruedi and ? Allgower. The mean time to full weight-bearing was 12 weeks (range: 8—20 weeks) and to union w as 23 weeks (range: 18—29 weeks), without need for further surgery. There was one malunion, no deep infections and no failures of ? xation. MIPO is an effective treatment for closed, unstable fractures of the distal tibia, avoiding the complications associated with more traditional methods of internal ? xation and/or external ? xation. ? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction Unstable fractures of the distal tibia with or without intra-articular fracture extension can present a management dilemma. Traditionally, there have been a variety of methods of management described and high rates of associated complications reported. Non-operative treatment can be technically demanding and may be associated with joint stiffness in up to 40% of cases as well as shortening and rotational malunion in over 30% of cases. 14,20 Traditional operative treatment of such injuries is also *Corresponding author. Present address: 16 By? eld Road, Isleworth, Middlesex TW7 7AF, UK. Tel. : ? 44-(0)20-8847-1370; fax: ? 44-(0)20-8847-1370. E-mail address: david. j. redfern@btinternet. com (D. J. Redfern). associated with a high incidence of complications. Intramedullary nailing remains the gold standard for treatment of most diaphyseal fractures of the tibia. However, although some authors have described good results with intramedullary nailing in the treatment of distal peri-articular tibial fractures, it is generally considered unsuitable for such injuries, due to technical dif? culty and design limitations. 17,20 Traditional open reduction and internal ? ation of such injuries results in extensive soft tissue dissection and periosteal injury and may be associated with high rates of infection, delayed union, and non-union. 5,11,13,18,19,22 Similarly, external ? xation of distal tibial fractures may also be associated with a high incidence of complications, with pin infection and loosening in up to 50% of cases and malunion rates of up to 45%. 20 Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) may offer biological 0020 –1383/$ — see front matter ? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. oi:10. 1016/j. injury. 2003. 09. 005 616 D. J. Redfern et al. advantages. MIPO involves minimal soft tissue dissection with preservation of the vascular integrity of the fracture as well as preserving osteogenic fracture haematoma. 3 MIPO techniques have been used successfully in the treatment of distal femoral fractures. 9,10,23 Experience of the application of these techniques to fractures of the distal tibia is less extensive and opinion regarding optimal technique differs. Some authors advocate temporary external ? xation prior to de? itive MIPO and routine ? xation of associated ? bula fractures. 7 Others advocate a more selective approach to the role of external ? xation and ? bular ? xation. 2 Purpose We report our experience with minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in the treatment of closed, unstable fractures of the distal tibia that are unsuitable for intramedullary nailing. Patients an d methods We undertook a review of patients treated by MIPO for unstable fractures of the distal tibia in our hospital, between 1998 and 2001. Twenty-two patients were identi? d, of whom 20 had followTable 1 Patient Detailed patient data Age (years) 71 46 20 32 27 26 34 23 26 26 50 59 27 39 54 67 25 24 67 46 Mechanism of injury Fall Fall Football Motorcycle RTA Twisted Motorcycle RTA Rugby injury Rugby injury Football injury Motorcycle RTA Fall Fall Fall Fall Fell from wheelchair Fall Motorcycle RTA Motorcycle RTA Fall Fall Fracture classi? cation AO/RA 42-A2 42-B1 42-A2 42-A2 42-B1 42-C1 42-B1/grade 42-A1/grade 42-B1 42-B2 42-A1 43-A3/grade 42-A1 42-A1 42-B1 42-A1 43-B1 42-A1 43-B1/grade 43-B1/grade up available. Their mean age was 38. 3 years (range: 17—71 years). There were 18 males and 4 females. The mechanism of injury was: fall (12); motorcycle accident (6); rugby/football injury (4) (see Table 1). Fractures were classi? ed according to the AO system12 and distal intra-articular fracture extension classi? ed according to Ruedi and Allgower18 ? ? (Table 1). All 20 fractures involved the distal onethird of the tibia and in 5 cases the fracture clearly extended distally in to the ankle joint (Ruedi and ? Allgower grade I in 3 cases and grade II in 2 cases). It ? is important to note that although 16/20 of the fractures were classi? d according to the AO system as 42 (diaphyseal), this is somewhat misleading as the ‘essence’ of these fractures was metaphyseal. Within the strict AO system12 de? nition of a metaphyseal fracture of the distal tibia (43), the centre of the fracture must lie within a square of sides equal to the widest metaphyseal distance, and the centre of many of our fractures lay just outside of the ‘metaphys eal square’ (Fig. 1a). The fracture pattern was however predominantly long oblique or long spiral and as such extended well into the distal metaphysis ? extension into the joint (Fig. 1). Indications for use of MIPO technique These included distal diaphyseal, or metaphyseal fractures of the tibia that were considered unsuitable Time to callus (weeks) 8 7 8 8 8 8 10 10 8 8 11 8 12 12 8 8 10 8 10 10 Time to FWB (weeks) 12 13 12 14 8 20 12 12 10 17 9 14 13 12 N/A 12 10 13 10 12 Time to union (weeks) 26 24 20 22 20 20 24 18 28 29 24 26 24 20 24 20 20 22 24 20 Complications 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 I I II I II — Metalwork discomfort — — — — Super? cial infection Metalwork discomfort Metalwork discomfort — — Malunion CRPS (type 1) — — — — — — — RA: Ruedi and Allgower. ? Fractures of distal tibia 617 Figure 1 (a) AP and lateral radiographs of the distal tibia for case 8 (42-A1, RA grade 1). (b) AP radiograph (case 8) at 10 weeks post-operatively showing callus formation (A); AP radiograph (case 8) at 18 weeks showing radiological union (B). for intramed ullary nailing due to the distal nature of the fracture and/or intra-articular or peri-articular fracture extensions. gical evidence of callus. All patients were followedup for a minimum of 12 months. Operative technique Management protocol Initially, patients were managed in a plaster splint with elevation until de? itive ? xation could be undertaken. Surgery was undertaken on the next available theatre list and only delayed if soft tissue swelling or anaesthetic concerns dictated that this was necessary. Intravenous antibiotics were given at induction of anaesthesia and two doses following surgery. Post-operatively, patients were not routinely splinted unless deemed unlikely to comply with a partial weight-bearing regime. The majority of patients were encouraged to partial weight-bear on the limb (10—15 kg) from the ? rst post-operative day. Early active and passive knee and ankle motion was encouraged. In the majority of cases, patients were discharged from hospital 24 h following surgery. Clinical and radiological review took place at 6—8 weeks to assess for evidence of callus formation. Patients were allowed to proceed to full weight-bearing on the basis of clinical and radiological evaluation but not before there was radioloSurgery was performed with the patient supine on a radiolucent table. Routine preparation and draping of the injured limb was performed. Both indirect and direct techniques of fracture reduction were used depending upon the nature and pattern of the fracture. Reduction techniques employed included the use of manual traction, the AO femoral distracter, the AO articulated fracture distractor, and direct reduction with fracture reduction forceps across the fracture (via two stab incisions). A 2 cm incision was made proximal and distal to the fracture on the medial border of the tibia. An extraperiosteal, subcutaneous tunnel could then be fashioned between these two incisions using blunt dissection. A pre-measured and pre-contoured narrow 4. 5 mm DCP was then positioned in this extra-periosteal subcutaneous tunnel (Fig. 2). Accurate plate contouring and positioning was con? med by ? uoroscopy. The length of plate selected is important and should be as long as is reasonably possible given the particular fracture pattern. As the length of plate is 618 D. J. Redfern et al. Figure 2 Pre-contoured plate insertion with fracture reduction maintained by direct technique. increased, the strength of the ? xation construct is also increased. 21 A cortic al screw (4. 5 mm) was then inserted through a screw hole at one end of the plate via the incisions already made for plate insertion. At this stage, axial fracture alignment was con? rmed before inserting any further screws. Subsequent screws were inserted close to either side of the fracture via stab incisions. Further screws may be used depending upon the characteristics of the fracture. If possible, a lag screw was also inserted across the fracture (via the plate) in order to further reduce the fracture gap and add to the rigidity of the ? xation. However, because the technique employs a bridge plating principle, interfragmentary lag screws were not felt to be obligatory. It is not necessary to place screws through all of the remaining holes in the plate as this does not further increase the strength or rigidity of the ? ation construct4,21 but does require further skin incisions, providing more potential portals of entry for infection (Fig. 1b). The ? bula was not ? xed unless necessary for accurate reconstruction of length such as encountered with some severely comminuted fractures. With fractures extending into the ankle joint, careful attention was paid to restoration of the articular surface cont inuity and 3. 5 mm cortical screws inserted through stab incisions or formal open exposure as required. In only one case was it deemed necessary to ? x the ? ula in order to accurately reconstruct length before proceeding to minimally invasive plating of the tibia. The mean hospital stay was 6 days (range: 2—31 days). The mean time to radiological evidence of callus formation was 9 weeks (range: 7—12 weeks). Sixty percent of patients achieved radiological callus by 8 weeks and all by 3 months (Table 1 and Fig. 2). The mean time to full weight-bearing was 12 weeks (range: 8—20 weeks) and the mean time to union was 23 weeks (range: 18—29 weeks). There were no non-unions and one malunion in whom there was 58 of varus angulation. There were no cases of failure of ? xation. Three soldiers have subsequently had their metalwork removed due to discomfort during training, and have reported no further symptoms. One patient required exchange of a distal screw that was too long and was impinging upon the distal tibia—? bula joint. A further patient developed type I complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). He required guanethidine blocks to control his pain. There were no deep infections (one super? cial infection which resolved on oral antibiotics). Sixteen of the 20 patients were employed at the time of their injury. Six patients were soldiers. All patients in this study have subsequently returned to their pre-injury occupations/level of activity. Discussion Results Of the 20 patients presented, 12 were operated upon within 24 h of the injury, and 16 within 72 h of the injury. Surgery was delayed in the remaining four patients due to: transfer from another hospital (1); swelling at the site of injury (1); medical problems (1); and for further imaging (1). The surgery was performed by, or supervised by, one of six consultant orthopaedic surgeons in the department. Favourable results have been described using minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis techniques for ? xation of distal femoral fractures. 9,10,23 Cadaveric and animal studies have emphasised the importance of minimising the degree of soft tissue damage in the region of long bone fractures. 3,16,24 Recently, Borrelli et al. 1 have demonstrated that the distal metaphyseal region of the tibia has a relatively rich extraosseous blood supply, provided primarily by Fractures of distal tibia 619 branches of the anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries. They also demonstrated that open plating in this region produces signi? cantly greater disruption of this extraosseous blood supply than minimally invasive plate application. Helfet et al. 7 described their experience with MIPO in 20 closed pilon fractures and advocated routine use of external ? xation acutely, followed by de? nitive ? xation 5—7 days later once the swelling has subsided. They also advocated the routine ? xation of associated ? bula fractures. They splinted the limb post-operatively but allowed toe-touch weight-bearing (20 lb) from the ? rst post-operative day. Their patients achieved full weight-bearing at an average of 10. 7 weeks (range: 8—16 weeks). Malunion occurred in 20% of cases although all patients had a good functional outcome and none required any further surgery. Collinge et al. 2 have reported their experience using MIPO in 17 tibial shaft fractures. Twelve cases had open injuries and ? ve of these required bone grafting at a later stage such that they suggested that this should be considered at an early stage in such injuries. The ? ve patients with closed injuries had complete union after the index procedure with no cases of malunion or infection. These closed injuries all achieved a good functional outcome. They routinely splinted the limb post-operatively with weightbearing commenced at approximately 12 weeks. In this series, we con? rm that good results can be obtained with this technique in the treatment of closed tibial fractures with intra-articular or periarticular fracture extensions, which are not suitable for intramedullary nailing. However, intramedullary nailing still remains the treatment of choice for most uncomplicated diaphyseal fractures of the tibia. We would not advocate the routine use of external ? ation in the acute management of such injuries, except in some open injuries with extensive soft tissue damage. Early de? nitive surgery negates the need for any form of temporary ? xation other than a POP back-slab for closed fractures. This avoids the added risk of complications arising from the use of such devices. It is our experience that ? xation of the ? bula is not necessary except to aid in reconstructi on of length when there is extensive comminution of the tibial fracture. In the current series (and those of Collinge et al. 2 and Koury et al. ), a 4. 5 mm DCP has been used with satisfactory results. However, this is a relatively bulky implant and lower pro? le plate designs might be expected to result in a lower incidence of postoperative metalwork discomfort along this subcutaneous medial aspect of the tibia, especially in the region of the medial malleolus. This in turn may reduce the need for subsequent implant removal. Other recent developments in plate design include pre-contoured and locking plates (e. g. LCP system, Synthes), which may offer signi? cant advantages. The ‘internal ? ator’ design of locking plates has the advantage that screw insertion does not draw the bony fragments to the plate (as occurs with traditional non-locking plates) and hence, the precise contouring of the plate is less important in achieving accurate fracture reduction. 6,15 For the same reason, the footprint of the locking plates should also be signi? cantly smaller than traditional non-locking plates, hence preserving periosteal blood supply to the fracture. 6 In the majority of cases, we have found it possible to safely mobilise patients, partial weightbearing (10—15 kg), from the ? st post-operative day without external splintage of the limb. This also allows early mobilisation of the knee, ankle and subtalar joints. Conclusion Whilst intramedullary nailing still remains the treatment of choice for most uncomplicated diaphyseal fractures of the tibia, minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis offers a reliable and reproducible technique in the treatment of closed unstable fractures of the distal tibia with intra-articular or periarticular fracture extensions. This technique may avoid the signi? ant complications encountered with more commonly used techniques of internal ? xation and external ? xation in such injuries. References 1. Borrelli J, Prickett W, Song E, Becker D, Ricci W. Extraosseous blood supply of the tibia and the effects of different plating techniques: a human cadaveric study. J Orthop Trauma 2002;16:691—5. 2. Collinge C, Sanders R, DiPasquale T. Treatment of complex tibial periarticular fractures using percutaneous techniques. Clin Orthop 2000;375:69—77. 3. Farouk O, Krettek C, Miclau T, Schandelmaier P, Guy P, Tscherne H. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis and vascularity: preliminary results of a cadaver injection study. Injury 1997;28:S-A7—S-A12. 4. Field RJ, Tornkvist H, Hearn TC, et al. The in? uence of ? screw omission on construct stiffness and bone surface strain in the application of bone plates to cadaveric bone. Injury 1999;30:591—8. 5. Fisher WD, Hambledon DL. Problems and pitfalls of compression ? xation of long bone fractures: a review of results and complications. Injury 1978;10:99—107. 6. Frigg R. Locking compression plate (LCP). An osteosynthesis plate based on the dynamic compression plate and point contact ? xator (PC-Fix). Injury 2001;32:S-B63—6. 7. Helfet DL, Shonnard PY, Levine D, Borrelli J. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of distal fractures of the tibia. Injury 1997;28:S-A42—8. 620 D. J. Redfern et al. 8. Koury A, Liebergall M, London E, Mosheiff R. Percutaneus plating of distal tibial fractures. Foot Ankle Int 2002;23: 818—24. 9. Krettek C, Schandelmaier P, Miclau T, Tscherne H. Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) using the DCS in proximal and distal femoral fractures. Injury 1997;28:S-A20—30. 10. Krettek C, Schandelmaier P, Miclau T, Bertram R, Holmes W, Tscherne H. Transarticular joint reconstruction and indirect plate osteosynthesis for complex distal supracondylar femoral fractures. Injury 1997;28:S-A31—41. 11. McFerran MA, Smith SW, Boulas HJ, Schwartz HS. Complications encountered in the treatment of pilon fractures. J Orthop Trauma 1992;6:273—85. 12. Muller ME, Nazarian S, Koch P, Schatzker J. The comprehensive classi? cation of fractures of long bones. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1990. 13. Olerud S, Karlstrom G. Tibial fractures treated by AO compression osteosynthesis. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1972; 1:1—104. 14. Oni OO, Stafford H, Gergg PJ. A study of diaphyseal fracture repair using tissue isolation techniques. Injury 1992;23: 467—70. 15. Perren SM. Editorial. Injury 2002;33:S-A-VI—S-A-VII. 16. Rhinelander F. The normal microcirculation of diaphyseal cortex and its response to fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1968;50A:784—800. 17. Robinson CM, McLaughlan GJ, Mclean IP, Court-Brown CM. Distal metaphyseal fractures of the tibia with minimal involvement of the ankle. Classi? ation and treatment by locked intramedullary nailing. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1995;77B:781—7. 18. Ruedi T, Allgower M. Fractures of the lower end of the tibia ? ? into the ankle joint. Injury 1969;1:92. 19. Ruedi T, Allgower M. The operative treatment of intra? ? articular fractures of the lower end of the tibia. Clin Orthop 1979;138:105—10. 20. Russell TA. Fractures of the tibia and ? bula. In: Rockwood CA, Green DP, Buckolz RW, Heckman JD, editors. Fractures in adults. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1996. p. 2139— 57. 21. Sanders R, Haidukewych GJ, Milne T, et al. Minimal versus maximal plate ? xation techniques of the ulna: the biomechanical effect of number of screws and plate length. J Orthop Trauma 2002;16:166—71. 22. Tornetta III P, Weiner L, Bergman M, et al. Pilon fractures: treatment with combined internal and external ? xation. J Orthop Trauma 1993;7:489—96. 23. Wenda K, Runkel M, Degreif J, Rudig L. Minimally invasive plate ? xation in femoral shaft fractures. Injury 1997;28:SA13—9. 24. Whiteside L, Lesker PA. The effects of periosteal and subperiosteal dissection. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1978;60A: 26—30. How to cite Fractures of the Distal Tibia: Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis, Papers

Cartel behaviour of Australian Mining-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.List potential cartel behaviour of ventures with particular reference to an Australian mining or petroleum resource joint venture. 2.List the defence to cartel behaviour. 3.List the duties and responsibilities of the manager/operator in a resource joint venture. 4.How can such duties be exploited to create a cartel behaviour. 5.What fiduciary responsibilities does the manager/operator have to the participants of tge joint venture. Answers: 1.Potential cartel behavior of ventures. A cartel is a group of businesses, operating in the same market , who instead of competing with one another, form agreements, contracts or a mutual understanding with the motive to fix and control prices, engage in collusive tendering or bid rigging, allocate market shares and suppliers, and restrict output. Any business which in collusion with a competitor, partakes in the aforementioned activities, either intentionally or unintentionally, is said to be engaged in cartel behavior or conduct[1]. Joint venture is a term referring to two or more companies pooling its resources and expertise to achieve a mutually beneficial goal. Naturally this may require the participating companies to share details regarding some of their operational details as well as lay down strategies, including agreements regarding of pricing, supply as well as market strategies. Therefore, joint ventures most certainly end up flouting anti-competitive laws by owing to its very nature[2]. The petroleum industry i s a sector which engages in a lot of joint ventures which may ultimately lead to some joint price fixing agreement or joint advertisement or agreement to sell all output to a single customer. An example would be of the joint venture of Woodside Energy, Benaris International and Origin Energy Resources which, in 2010, launched a joint marketing campaign for LPG. Consequently this implies that sale price of LPG by all the participants was pre-determined and equal to the same advertised price[3]. This technically could be classified as price fixing of cartel conduct. 2.Defense to cartel behavior. Despite the criminalization of cartel behavior in Australia as per the Competition and Consumer Act, there exists certain exemptions that are allowed for particular situations where cartel behavior might be observed. Such exceptions could include cases where there has been authorized sanctioning for the sake of public benefit where by it is deduced that the public benefits might over shadow the detrimental effects and as such upon a formal appeal to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), exceptions to acts, such as, price fixing, restriction of outputs, bid rigging and allocation of market and suppliers could be granted[4]; Joint Ventures in which, if the venture deals with production or supply and has the terms of their agreement which deals with the cartel conduct compiled in the form of a binding contract, exemptions are allowed[5]; Cases relating to collective bargaining which relates to provisions involving price fixing, allocation of suppliers and customers or restriction of output and not under any circumstance include bid rigging; Collective acquisitions which deals with cases relating to mainly price fixing where the parties may seek to jointly or collectively acquire the collections from the goods or services or perhaps may be interested in joint advertisement where by it could amount to price fixing; Anti-overlap provisions which are mainly technical exemptions arising out of overlap with other provisions such as contracts that could directly or indirectly influence competition, resale prices, and exclusive dealings, companies that may be dual listed and acquisition; Finally, agreement between related corporates also fall under exemption given that they do not share a competitive positioning in the market[6]. 3.Duties and responsibilities of the manager/operator in a resource joint venture. An operator or manager in the context of a joint venture is an entity which acts as an agent of the participating organizations or companies, to undertake and oversee the management of the joint venture. It holds the responsibility of carrying out the entire operational process of the venture on behalf of the all parent companies. An operator could be a third party who is assigned to the role on a contractual basis or it could be one of the partners who have the functional expertise to carry out the project operations. Irrespectively, the manager or operator is granted exclusive authority to conduct and manage the activities of the project either through its own resources or by means of delegation after due approval of the parent companies. It is obligated to relay all information and knowledge that is accumulated in due course of the operations in order to uphold interests and rights of all members in the venture[7]. The operator is in turn answerable to the management committee, se t up for the sole purpose of representing the participants. It is to be noted that the operator is expected to act in the best interests of the joint venture and not of any individual participant or self and deliver the best service it is capable of. Additionally, the operator is responsible for all aspects of operation including engaging with third parties on a contractual basis, handling budgeted expenses of the project and dealing with emergency expenses arising out of injuries that may have resulted as a consequence of the operational process. Therefore, the operator holds the right to expend money as per requirement for the project which fall outside the sanctioned budget. It is also responsible for the joint assets including intellectual property of the participants for the duration of time it is engaged in the project. Finally the agency responsible for the operations of the joint venture is expected to transcend the cultural differences of the different parties to ensure smo oth running of the process[8]. 4.How can such duties be exploited to create a cartel behavior? Owing to the fact that an operator may engage with third parties, such as suppliers , on a contractual agreement under its own name and not as an agency of the participants, however under the authorization of the Joint operations agreement for the interest of the project in its undertaking , the parent organizations may utilize the situation as a loophole to distance itself while engaging in collusive activities such as exchanging information, limiting outputs and colluding with suppliers which amounts to cartel behavior[9]. This is made possible since, an operator, provided that it is a contractual one, is put in charge of the property, assets as well as functional control of the project and thus has the autonomy to interact with the local suppliers and other third parties who may provide scope for collusion, on behalf of the parent companies and allow them to stay under the legal radar. 5.What fiduciary responsibilities does the manager/operator have to the participants of the joint venture? Fiduciary refers to the confidentiality and loyalty that is expected out of member parties engaged in any kind of mutual agreement[10]. Fiduciary duty for the most part depends on the terms of the contract that exists between operator and the other parties involved in the venture. However, generally an operator or any participant of a joint venture is implicitly expected to act in the best interests of the joint venture entity, superseding any prospects of profits that they alone may be solely subject to which could jeopardize the venture. An operator is expected to put in their best efforts in running of the operations under their charge and abide by the confidentiality of the information regarding the participants that may be shared. It is also expected that the operator would respect the directives of any supervising authority, such as a technical committee or the management committee and report all findings, developments and expenses to the representatives of the participants[11] References Benaris International Pty Limited, Woodside Energy Limited, Origin Energy Resources Limited Response To Submission to The Australian Competition And Consumer Commission (2010)(Australian Competition and Consumer Committee, 2010) Cartels(2018) Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Competition And Consumer Act 2010 (2016) Legislation.gov.au Competition Issues in Resources Projects: Marketing Agreements between JV Partners - Anti-Trust/Competition Law - Australia (2013) Mondaq.com Cosgun, Huseyin,Criminalising Cartels: Theory and Practice in The UK And Australia(The Interdisciplinary Centre for Competition Law and Policy, 2013) Dume, Philippe and Sergey Frank, "Managing International Joint Ventures" (2015) 26(1) London Business School Review Duncan, William D.Joint ventures law in Australia. Federation Press, (2012). Harner, Michelle M., and Jamie Marincic. "The Naked Fiduciary." Ariz. L. Rev. 54 (2012): 879. Killing, Peter.Strategies for joint venture success (RLE international business). Vol. 22. Routledge, (2012). Kooroshy, Jaakko, Felix Preston and Sin Bradley,Cartels and Competition in Minerals Markets: Challenges for Global Governance(The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2014, 2014) Cartels(2018) Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Competition Issues In Resources Projects: Marketing Agreements Between JV Partners - Anti-Trust/Competition Law - Australia (2013) Mondaq.com Benaris International Pty Limited, Woodside Energy Limited, Origin Energy Resources Limited Response To Submission To The Australian Competition And Consumer Commission (2010) (Australian Competition and Consumer Committee, 2010) Competition And Consumer Act 2010 (2016) Legislation.gov.au Duncan, William D.Joint ventures law in Australia. Federation Press, (2012). Huseyin Cosgun, Criminalising Cartels: Theory And Practice In The UK And Australia (The Interdisciplinary Centre for Competition Law and Policy, 2013) Philippe Dume and Sergey Frank, "Managing International Joint Ventures" (2015) 26(1) London Business School Review. Peter Killing, Strategies for Joint Venture Success (Rle International Business) (Routledge, 2014). Jaakko Kooroshy, Felix Preston and Sin Bradley, Cartels And Competition In Minerals Markets: Challenges For Global Governance (The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2014, 2014) Harner, Michelle M., and Jamie Marincic. "The Naked Fiduciary." Ariz. L. Rev. 54 (2012): 879. Duncan, William D.Joint ventures law in Australia. Federation Press, (2012).